TIMER

Abstract

Entrepreneurship is considered as the backbone of an economy, wherein entrepreneurs steer the economic development by means of business start-ups. In this context, specifically female entrepreneurs are significantly contributing to global economies in terms of employment creation. However, there is a slow growth in the number of female entrepreneurs in developing countries. The literature suggests that student’s attitude towards entrepreneurship has a significant impact on their entrepreneurial activity. The present study aims to compare the entrepreneurial attitude amongst South African (developing country) and Netherlands (developed country) female students. The results have suggested that female students in both countries display positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Also, it facilitates the government, researchers, and educators to understand how to promote entrepreneurship among young females.

Keywords: South Africa, Netherland, Entrepreneurial Attitude, Females.

Abstract

The Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) are commercial enterprises that provide credit ratings. CRAs assess borrowers for their capacity to repay the debt as well as the credit risk associated with these borrowers. Moreover, no credit rating system is 100% perfect, and the actual predictive ability can be fetched from accuracy study vis-à-vis hit rate or default rate. A clear definition of default is necessary for computing default rates. The default rates may be computed over varying time frames, potentially exposing such computation to period-selection bias. CRAs compute default rates mainly using the average cumulative default rate approach and the weighted marginal default rate methodology. The credit rates assigned by different CRAs are not strictly comparable. Hence, there exists a scope to analyse the hit rate of different CRAs for same credit category. This study revealed that, there exists significant difference in the groups for higher rating categories such as AAA, AA, and BBB. Since the groups of higher credit category are significantly different from each other, the higher credit rates assigned by different credit rating agencies are not strictly comparable is justified. Also, credit rates below the median rate assigned by different CRAs can be accepted by lenders without further investigation. The future researchers can take this forward by considering the analysis over more CRAs and inclusion of CRAs across the globe.

Keywords: Hit Rate, Credit Rating Agencies, Gini Coefficient, Lorenz Curve, Random Curve, Ideal Curve.

Abstract

Society plays a pivotal role in everybody’s life, and it is gender oriented. In the belief, value, tradition and relationship between genders in society, it is often found that political, economic, social and educational constitutions support the inequality of genders, with women at the receiving end of things. In a patriarchal society, women are inadequately praised, often ignored and portrayed as weak. Women are slaves to their emotions, irrespective of their power and position. This research paper is an attempt to study the identity of women as an individual in society. It attempts to analyse the protagonists of two popular literary works, Nina Leeds in Strange Interlude by Eugene O’Neill, and Tess in Tess of the d’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy. Moreover, finding the contrast between these two characters is to understand how two different societies have difference of boundaries for women in different eras. Furthermore, by taking Sigmund Freud’s psychological theory of Psychodynamics as a device, we try to trace the behavioural changes in Nina Leeds and Tess with the help of psychology, wherein every literature is a mirror of the era it belongs to. Thus, it would not be incorrect to find pointers of criticism and over- theorization of incompatible and imbalance associations between genders through these accurate prototypes.

Keywords: Society, Gender Disparity, Patriarch, Individual, Women, Psychodynamics.

Abstract

Domestic work is a work performed in or for more than one household. In India, household works are always considered to fall within the ambit or sphere of women. While it has become indispensable for both the male and female members of a family to earn for a better life the needto engage a female worker to take care of all the household chores has increased. These domestic workers form a part of unorganized workforce in the Indian population and their conditions of work are often undervalued, unprotected and unregulated. The current pandemic situation on onehand highlighted the need to keep our houses and surroundings clean and on the other hand the need to acknowledge the existence and skills of these domestic workers, particularly women. They are denied minimum wages and healthy working conditions. The reason being laws are available only for formal or organized sectors and this work has remained a grey area as the place of work being a ‘household’. The duration of these works can be part-time or full- time and the time of work is also fixed at the convenience of the person employing them. Moreover, neither there exists employment nor welfare measures and legal protection in case of any violations. Also, the lack of regulation has in fact led to innumerable human rights violations of domestic workers. In this backdrop this paper tries to discuss their difficulties, working conditions and highlight on their rights to be protected.

Keywords: Domestic Workers, Human Rights, Working Conditions, Unorganized, Protection.

Abstract

In this modern era, there are different forms of domestic violence against women. In Nigeria, particularly in Igbo society, women are subjected to lots of torture, suppression, and other nihilistic actions by the men’s chauvinism. In the light of this scenario, this study examined forms of domestic violence against Nigerian women in Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. It also discussed the issues of domestic violence and its implication. Moreover, the study adopted the theory of feminism as its theoretical framework while thematic analysis technique was employed as a research methodology. Also, the finding showed that Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus captures many issues of domestic violence. It also provides an insight into the world of violence as suffered by women in a patriarchal society. Therefore, the study opines that this oppression is further legitimized by traditional authority. The author advocates that women should shun absolute submissiveness in the face of oppression through the acquisition of education and skills for self-dependence.

Keywords: Domestic, Violence, Torture, Patriarchal, Forms, Feminism.

Abstract

The evolution of material and technology is clearly advent in the growth of textile and fashion industries. Moreover, developing conventional textile materials for protection, comfort, and ornamentation to technical, smart textiles to meet the consumer demand is part of this evolution journey. The innovations in textile and fashion industry are reshaping them, wherein each innovation has evolved to provide solutions to the problems. The present research study views unethical production, over consumption and few innovations in textile and fashion industries as the major cause for harmful impact on environment and society as a whole and posits that although industry involves slow fashion, circular economy, sustainable material & production to solve these problems, still the impact remains same. Based on the literature review and analysis of global textile and fashion industry cases, this study examines the impact of new technologies and models on environment and society. Hence, by comparing the output of these technologies and models, this study highlights that the textile & fashion industries are still producing waste in spite of inclusion of sustainable approach in product life cycle and have moved towards a new direction in regard to employment. The study offers a new perspective to see the trends existing in textile and fashion industry. This study concludes with insights into how the technological advancement is affecting the society and a close look needs to be taken on the existing trends (traditional and modern) in textile and fashion industry.

Keywords: Slow fashion, Circular Economy, Artificial Intelligence, Sustainable development, Textile & Fashion Industry.